Surface modifications of prefabricated metal parts are a crucial step in the manufacturing and construction process of machinery in industries such as automotive, aerospace, and mechanical engineering. In this regard, etching solutions are used for surface cleaning of ferrous metals copper, aluminum, or alloys (e.g., brass) to remove metallic (burring) or surfactant residues and to alter surface properties such as roughness or the ability to be coated or bonded to other materials (e.g., plating). Etching solutions mainly contain acids such as hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, hydrofluoric acid, nitric acid, and phosphoric acid in different mixtures. Often the etching process is assisted by the application of electrical current to either speed up the cleaning/etching process or to perform electroplating processes. Electroplating is used to apply functional materials to the base metals in order to achieve smoothing of the surface, color effects (e.g., gloss), or to enhance physical properties such as abrasion resistance
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